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NEW QUESTION # 12
A market research team has ratings from patients who have a chronic disease, on several functional, physical, emotional, and professional needs that stay unmet with the current therapy. The dataset also captures ratings on how the disease affects their day-to-day activities.
A pharmaceutical company is introducing a new therapy to cure the disease and would like to design their marketing campaign such that different groups of patients are targeted with different ads. These groups should ideally consist of patients with similar unmet needs.
Which of the following algorithms should the market research team use to obtain these groups of patients?
- A. k-nearest neighbors
- B. Naive-Bayes
- C. Logistic regression
- D. k-means clustering
Answer: D
Explanation:
Explanation
k-means clustering is an algorithm that should be used by the market research team to obtain groups of patients with similar unmet needs. k-means clustering is an unsupervised learning technique that partitions the data into k clusters based on the similarity of the features. The algorithm iteratively assigns each data point to the cluster with the nearest centroid and updates the centroid until convergence. k-means clustering can help identify patterns and segments in the data that may not be obvious or intuitive. References: [K-means clustering - Wikipedia], [How to Run K-Means Clustering in Python]
NEW QUESTION # 13
A company is developing a merchandise sales application The product team uses training data to teach the AI model predicting sales, and discovers emergent bias. What caused the biased results?
- A. The team set flawed expectations when training the model.
- B. The training data used was inaccurate.
- C. The AI model was trained in winter and applied in summer.
- D. The application was migrated from on-premise to a public cloud.
Answer: C
Explanation:
Explanation
Emergent bias is a type of bias that arises when an AI model encounters new or different data or scenarios that were not present or accounted for during its training or development. Emergent bias can cause the model to make inaccurate or unfair predictions or decisions, as it may not be able to generalize well to new situations or adapt to changing conditions. One possible cause of emergent bias is seasonality, which means that some variables or patterns in the data may vary depending on the time of year. For example, if an AI model for merchandise sales prediction was trained in winter and applied in summer, it may produce biased results due to differences in customer behavior, demand, or preferences.
NEW QUESTION # 14
When should you use semi-supervised learning? (Select two.)
- A. There is a large amount of labeled data to be used for predictions.
- B. Labeling data is challenging and expensive.
- C. There is a large amount of unlabeled data to be used for predictions.
- D. A small set of labeled data is biased toward one class.
- E. A small set of labeled data is available but not representative of the entire distribution.
Answer: B,C
Explanation:
Explanation
Semi-supervised learning is a type of machine learning that uses both labeled and unlabeled data to train a model. Semi-supervised learning can be useful when:
Labeling data is challenging and expensive: Labeling data requires human intervention and domain expertise, which can be costly and time-consuming. Semi-supervised learning can leverage the large amount of unlabeled data that is easier and cheaper to obtain and use it to improve the model's performance.
There is a large amount of unlabeled data to be used for predictions: Unlabeled data can provide additional information and diversity to the model, which can help it learn more complex patterns and generalize better to new data. Semi-supervised learning can use various techniques, such as self-training, co-training, or generative models, to incorporate unlabeled data into the learning process.
NEW QUESTION # 15 
The graph is an elbow plot showing the inertia or within-cluster sum of squares on the y-axis and number of clusters (also called K) on the x-axis, denoting the change in inertia as the clusters change using k-means algorithm.
What would be an optimal value of K to ensure a good number of clusters?
- A. 0
- B. 1
- C. 2
- D. 3
Answer: D
Explanation:
Explanation
The optimal value of K is the one that minimizes the inertia or within-cluster sum of squares, while avoiding too many clusters that may overfit the data. The elbow plot shows a sharp decrease in inertia from K = 1 to K
= 2, and then a more gradual decrease from K = 2 to K = 3. After K = 3, the inertia does not change much as K increases. Therefore, the elbow point is at K = 3, which is the optimal value of K for this data. References:
How to Run K-Means Clustering in Python, K-means clustering - Wikipedia
NEW QUESTION # 16
Below are three tables: Employees, Departments, and Directors.
Employee_Table
Department_Table
Director_Table
ID
Firstname
Lastname
Age
Salary
DeptJD
4566
Joey
Morin
62
$ 122,000
1
1230
Sam
Clarck
43
$ 95,670
2
9077
Lola
Russell
54
$ 165,700
3
1346
Lily
Cotton
46
$ 156,000
4
2088
Beckett
Good
52
$ 165,000
5
Which SQL query provides the Directors' Firstname, Lastname, the name of their departments, and the average employee's salary?
- A. SELECT m.Firstname, m.Lastname, d.Name, AVG(e.Saiary) as Dept_avg_Saiary FROM Employee_Table as e LEFT JOIN Department_Table as d on e.Dept = d.Name LEFT JOIN Directorjable as m on d.ID = m.DeptJD GROUP BY m.Firstname, m.Lastname, d.Name
- B. SELECT m.Firstname, m.Lastname, d.Name, AVG(e.Salary) as Dept_avg_Salary FROM Employee_Table as e RIGHT JOIN Department_Table as d on e.Dept = d.Name INNER JOIN Directorjable as m on d.ID = m.DeptJD GROUP BY e.Salary
- C. SELECT m.Firstname, m.Lastname, d.Name, AVG(e.Salary) as Dept_avg_Salary FROM Employee_Table as e RIGHT JOIN Departmentjable as d on e.Dept = d.Name INNER JOIN Directorjable as m on d.ID = m.DeptJD GROUP BY d.Name
- D. SELECT m.Firstname, m.Lastname, d.Name, AVG(e.Salary) as Dept_avg_Salary FROM Employee_Table as e RIGHT JOIN Department_Table as d on e.Dept = d.Name INNER JOIN Directorjable as m on d.ID = m.DeptID GROUP BY m.Firstname, m.Lastname, d.Name
Answer: D
Explanation:
Explanation
This SQL query provides the Directors' Firstname, Lastname, the name of their departments, and the average employee's salary by joining the three tables using the appropriate join types and conditions. The RIGHT JOIN between Employee_Table and Department_Table ensures that all departments are included in the result, even if they have no employees. The INNER JOIN between Department_Table and Directorjable ensures that only departments with directors are included in the result. The GROUP BY clause groups the result by the directors' names and departments' names, and calculates the average salary for each group using the AVG function. References: SQL Joins - W3Schools, SQL GROUP BY Statement - W3Schools
NEW QUESTION # 17
Which of the following can take a question in natural language and return a precise answer to the question?
- A. Pandas
- B. IBM Watson
- C. Spark ML
- D. Databricks
Answer: B
Explanation:
Explanation
IBM Watson is an AI technology that can take a question in natural language and return a precise answer to the question. IBM Watson is a cognitive computing system that can understand natural language, generate hypotheses, and provide evidence-based answers. IBM Watson can be applied to various domains and industries, such as healthcare, education, finance, or law.
NEW QUESTION # 18
When should the model be retrained in the ML pipeline?
- A. A new monitoring component is added.
- B. Concept drift is detected in the pipeline.
- C. Some outliers are detected in live data.
- D. More data become available for the training phase.
Answer: B
Explanation:
Explanation
When concept drift is detected in the pipeline, it means that the model performance has degraded over time due to changes in the underlying data generating process. This requires retraining the model with new data that reflects the current situation and updating the model parameters accordingly. References: Use pipeline parameters to retrain models in the designer - Azure Machine Learning | Microsoft Learn, Retraining Model During Deployment: Continuous Training and Continuous Testing
NEW QUESTION # 19
Which of the following describes a benefit of machine learning for solving business problems?
- A. Improving the quality of original data
- B. Increasing the speed of analysis
- C. Increasing the quantity of original data
- D. Improving the constraint of the problem
Answer: B
Explanation:
Explanation
Increasing the speed of analysis is a benefit of machine learning for solving business problems. Machine learning is a branch of artificial intelligence that involves creating systems that can learn from data and make predictions or decisions. Machine learning can help increase the speed of analysis by automating and optimizing various tasks, such as data processing, feature extraction, model training, model evaluation, or model deployment. Machine learning can also help handle large and complex data sets that may be difficult or impractical to analyze manually or with traditional methods.
NEW QUESTION # 20
Which of the following methods can be used to rebalance a dataset using the rebalance design pattern?
- A. Stacking
- B. Boosting
- C. Bagging
- D. Weighted class
Answer: D
Explanation:
Explanation
Weighted class is a technique to rebalance a dataset by assigning different weights to each class, according to their frequency in the dataset. The weights are inversely proportional to the class frequency, meaning that rare classes have higher weights and common classes have lower weights. This helps to reduce the bias towards the majority class and improve the model performance on the minority class. References: 4. Data Validation - Building Machine Learning Pipelines, A guide to React design patterns - LogRocket Blog
NEW QUESTION # 21
Which of the following are true about the transform-design pattern for a machine learning pipeline? (Select three.) It aims to separate inputs from features.
- A. It encapsulates the processing steps of ML pipelines.
- B. It ensures reproducibility.
- C. It transforms the output data after production.
- D. It represents steps in the pipeline with a directed acyclic graph (DAG).
- E. It seeks to isolate individual steps of ML pipelines.
Answer: A,B,E
Explanation:
Explanation
The transform-design pattern for ML pipelines aims to separate inputs from features, encapsulate the processing steps of ML pipelines, and represent steps in the pipeline with a DAG. These goals help to make the pipeline modular, reusable, and easy to understand. The transform-design pattern does not seek to isolate individual steps of ML pipelines, as this would create entanglement and dependency issues. It also does not transform the output data after production, as this would violate the principle of separation of concerns.
NEW QUESTION # 22
Which of the following metrics is being captured when performing principal component analysis?
- A. Missingness
- B. Variance
- C. Kurtosis
- D. Skewness
Answer: B
Explanation:
Explanation
Principal component analysis (PCA) is a technique that reduces the dimensionality of a dataset by transforming it into a set of new variables called principal components. The principal components are linear combinations of the original variables that capture the maximum amount of variance in the data. The first principal component explains the most variance, the second principal component explains the second most variance, and so on. The goal of PCA is to retain as much variance as possible while reducing the number of variables.
NEW QUESTION # 23
In general, models that perform their tasks:
- A. Less accurately are neither more nor less robust against adversarial attacks.
- B. Less accurately are less robust against adversarial attacks.
- C. More accurately are neither more nor less robust against adversarial attacks.
- D. More accurately are less robust against adversarial attacks.
Answer: D
Explanation:
Explanation
Adversarial attacks are malicious attempts to fool or manipulate machine learning models by adding small perturbations to the input data that are imperceptible to humans but can cause significant changes in the model output. In general, models that perform their tasks more accurately are less robust against adversarial attacks, because they tend to have higher confidence in their predictions and are more sensitive to small changes in the input data. References: [Adversarial machine learning - Wikipedia], [Why Are Machine Learning Models Susceptible to Adversarial Attacks? | by Anirudh Jain | Towards Data Science]
NEW QUESTION # 24
An AI practitioner incorporates risk considerations into a deployment plan and decides to log and store historical predictions for potential, future access requests.
Which ethical principle is this an example of?
- A. Privacy
- B. Fairness
- C. Safety
- D. Transparency
Answer: D
Explanation:
Explanation
Transparency is an ethical principle that describes the degree to which an AI system can provide clear and understandable information about its inputs, outputs, processes, and decisions. Transparency can help increase trust and confidence among users and stakeholders, as well as enable accountability and responsibility for the system's actions and outcomes. Logging and storing historical predictions for potential, future access requests is an example of transparency, as it can help provide evidence and explanation for the system's recommendations, as well as facilitate auditing and feedback.
NEW QUESTION # 25
You are building a prediction model to develop a tool that can diagnose a particular disease so that individuals with the disease can receive treatment. The treatment is cheap and has no side effects. Patients with the disease who don't receive treatment have a high risk of mortality.
It is of primary importance that your diagnostic tool has which of the following?
- A. High positive predictive value
- B. Low false positive rate
- C. High negative predictive value
- D. Low false negative rate
Answer: D
Explanation:
Explanation
A false negative is an error where a positive case (belonging to the target class) is incorrectly predicted as negative (not belonging to the target class). A false negative rate is the ratio of false negatives to all actual positive cases. A low false negative rate means that most of the positive cases are correctly identified by the classifier.
For a diagnostic tool that can diagnose a particular disease so that individuals with the disease can receive treatment, it is of primary importance that it has a low false negative rate. This is because false negatives can have serious consequences for patients who have the disease but do not receive treatment, such as increased risk of mortality or complications. A low false negative rate can ensure that most patients who have the disease are diagnosed correctly and receive timely treatment.
NEW QUESTION # 26
Which of the following describes a typical use case of video tracking?
- A. Augmented dreaming
- B. Medical diagnosis
- C. Traffic monitoring
- D. Video composition
Answer: C
Explanation:
Explanation
Video tracking is a technique that involves detecting and following moving objects in a video sequence. Video tracking can be used for various applications, such as surveillance, security, sports analysis, and human-computer interaction. One typical use case of video tracking is traffic monitoring, where video tracking can help measure traffic flow, detect congestion, identify violations, and optimize traffic signals.
NEW QUESTION # 27
Which of the following statements are true regarding highly interpretable models? (Select two.)
- A. They are usually easier to explain to business stakeholders.
- B. They are usually very good at solving non-linear problems.
- C. They are usually binary classifiers.
- D. They are usually referred to as "black box" models.
- E. They usually compromise on model accuracy for the sake of interpretability.
Answer: A,E
Explanation:
Explanation
Highly interpretable models are models that can provide clear and intuitive explanations for their predictions, such as decision trees, linear regression, or logistic regression. Some of the statements that are true regarding highly interpretable models are:
They are usually easier to explain to business stakeholders: Highly interpretable models can help communicate the logic and reasoning behind their predictions, which can increase trust and confidence among business stakeholders. For example, a decision tree can show how each feature contributes to a decision outcome, or a linear regression can show how each coefficient affects the dependent variable.
They usually compromise on model accuracy for the sake of interpretability: Highly interpretable models may not be able to capture complex or non-linear patterns in the data, which can reduce their accuracy and generalization. For example, a decision tree may overfit or underfit the data if it is too deep or too shallow, or a linear regression may not be able to model curved relationships between variables.
NEW QUESTION # 28
You are implementing a support-vector machine on your data, and a colleague suggests you use a polynomial kernel. In what situation might this help improve the prediction of your model?
- A. When there is high correlation among the features.
- B. When the distribution of the dependent variable is Gaussian.
- C. When it is necessary to save computational time.
- D. When the categories of the dependent variable are not linearly separable.
Answer: D
Explanation:
Explanation
A support-vector machine (SVM) is a supervised learning algorithm that can be used for classification or regression problems. An SVM tries to find an optimal hyperplane that separates the data into different categories or classes. However, sometimes the data is not linearly separable, meaning there is no straight line or plane that can separate them. In such cases, a polynomial kernel can help improve the prediction of the SVM by transforming the data into a higher-dimensional space where it becomes linearly separable. A polynomial kernel is a function that computes the similarity between two data points using a polynomial function of their features.
NEW QUESTION # 29
Which of the following is NOT a valid cross-validation method?
- A. K-fold
- B. Bootstrapping
- C. Leave-one-out
- D. Stratification
Answer: D
Explanation:
Explanation
Stratification is not a valid cross-validation method, but a technique to ensure that each subset of data has the same proportion of classes or labels as the original data. Stratification can be used in conjunction with cross-validation methods such as k-fold or leave-one-out to preserve the class distribution and reduce bias or variance in the validation results. Bootstrapping, k-fold, and leave-one-out are all valid cross-validation methods that use different ways of splitting and resampling the data to estimate the performance of a machine learning model.
NEW QUESTION # 30
Which of the following best describes distributed artificial intelligence?
- A. It does not require hyperparemeter tuning because the distributed nature accounts for the bias.
- B. It uses a centralized system to speak to decentralized nodes.
- C. It relies on a distributed system that performs robust computations across a network of unreliable nodes.
- D. It intelligently pre-distributes the weight of starting a neural network.
Answer: C
Explanation:
Explanation
Distributed artificial intelligence (DAI) is a subfield of artificial intelligence that studies how multiple intelligent agents can coordinate and cooperate to achieve a common goal or solve a complex problem. DAI relies on a distributed system that performs robust computations across a network of unreliable nodes, such as sensors, robots, or humans. DAI can handle large-scale, dynamic, and uncertain environments that are beyond the capabilities of a single agent. References: [Distributed artificial intelligence - Wikipedia], [Distributed Artificial Intelligence: An Overview]
NEW QUESTION # 31
Which of the following describes a neural network without an activation function?
- A. A form of a linear regression
- B. A radial basis function kernel
- C. A form of a quantile regression
- D. An unsupervised learning technique
Answer: A
Explanation:
Explanation
A neural network without an activation function is equivalent to a form of a linear regression. A neural network is a computational model that consists of layers of interconnected nodes (neurons) that process inputs and produce outputs. An activation function is a function that determines the output of a neuron based on its input. An activation function can introduce non-linearity into a neural network, which allows it to model complex and non-linear relationships between inputs and outputs. Without an activation function, a neural network becomes a linear combination of inputs and weights, which is essentially a linear regression model.
NEW QUESTION # 32
Which of the following items should be included in a handover to the end user to enable them to use and run a trained model on their own system? (Select three.)
- A. Intermediate data files
- B. Link to a GitHub repository of the codebase
- C. README document
- D. Sample input and output data files
- E. Information on the folder structure in your local machine
Answer: B,C,D
Explanation:
Explanation
A handover is the process of transferring the ownership and responsibility of an ML system from one party to another, such as from the developers to the end users. A handover should include all the necessary information and resources that enable the end users to use and run a trained model on their own system. Some of the items that should be included in a handover are:
Link to a GitHub repository of the codebase: A GitHub repository is an online platform that hosts the source code and version control of an ML system. A link to a GitHub repository can provide the end users with access to the latest and most updated version of the codebase, as well as the history and documentation of the changes made to the code.
README document: A README document is a text file that provides an overview and instructions for an ML system. A README document can include information such as the purpose, features, requirements, installation, usage, testing, troubleshooting, and license of the system.
Sample input and output data files: Sample input and output data files are data files that contain examples of valid inputs and expected outputs for an ML system. Sample input and output data files can help the end users understand how to use and run the system, as well as verify its functionality and performance.
NEW QUESTION # 33
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